Explore explanations, case studies and exam-practice ideas for Environmental Systems and Societies. Use the articles below to build understanding, then bring the topics you find difficult to an individual lesson.
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Environmental systems and societies (ESS) is an interdisciplinary course, encompassing both the sciences and individuals. It is offered at both standard level (SL) and higher level (HL). As such, IB ESS combines a mixture of methodologies, techniques and knowledge, associated with both the sciences and...
ESS IA examples are a starting point for planning your own investigation. Explore five directions and the practical checks that make each idea more focused.Reviewed 4 October 2026 · Current ESS SL and HL course, first assessment 2026.ESS IA examples are useful when they help...
Human activity, mostly for food production and forestry, is transforming landscapes. Today, one third of all land is degraded or degrading, which harms biodiversity and jeopardises essential ecosystem services such as carbon storage. Protected areas offer a solution. If effectively managed and fairly governed, such...
Sustainable development is an approach to development that balances different needs against an awareness of the environmental, social and economic limitations we face as a society. Examples of sustainable development include:investing in various types of renewable energy such as solar energy, hydropower, wind or biomass...
Climate change ultimately drives terrestrial biodiversity loss and affects ecosystem carbon storage both directly and indirectly via land use change, i.e. climate change-driven cropland expansion. Future cropland expansion is likely to have negative impacts on biodiversity and carbon storage in many biodiversity hotspots, including Mexico,...
A major strength of the ecosystem services concept is that it allows a description of how human well-being depends on nature, showing that the neglect of such dependencies has negative consequences on human well-being and the economy. It is refered to human needs and interests,...
Environmental Systems and Societies is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field that investigates the intricate relationships between humans, ecosystems, and the nature. It encompasses the study of the environment, including its physical components, such as air, water, and land, as well as the organisms that inhabit it.Living...
You don’t answer the question properly When you answer the question for tests, exams, and assignments, it’s important that you are focused and understand the question completely. So read the question properly, sometimes even several times in order to understand what they want you to answer....
Eco-friendly materials are derived from renewable resources, have a minimal environmental impact, and are recyclable or biodegradable. These materials can be used to manufacture everything from furniture to building products and even clothing; they include bamboo, cork, and straw bales Eco-friendly materials are generally more resource-efficient...
Habitat destruction is one of the biggest threats facing plants and animal species throughout the world. The loss of habitat has far-reaching impacts on the planet’s ability to sustain life, but even with the challenges, there is hope for the future. Habitat destruction, defined as the...